The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) launched the International Nuclear Science Olympiad as part of its educational and youth engagement programs to promote interest in nuclear science and technology. The Olympiad originated from regional nuclear education initiatives in the Asia-Pacific region, which aim to develop the skills of the next generation of scientists and engineers in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, such as medicine, energy, agriculture, and scientific research.

The first International Nuclear Science Olympiad was held from August 1 to 6, 2024, in Clark, Pampanga, Philippines. It was hosted by the Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), with technical and institutional support from the IAEA.

The inaugural event attracted 55 students from 14 Asian countries, marking a significant milestone in international cooperation in nuclear education. Participants took theoretical and practical exams designed to test their understanding of nuclear science principles and their ability to apply them practically. The delegations also visited key nuclear facilities, such as the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant and the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute.

Following its success, the Olympics was adopted as an annual event, with participation gradually expanding to include countries outside the Asia-Pacific region.